Effects of oral isotretinoin treatment for acne vulgaris patients on anger responses and the relationship with temperament

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Isotretinoin is the only medication against all the factors involved in acne vulgaris pathogenesis. The aim of our study was to verify whether patients with acne vulgaris receiving isotretinoin therapy exhibit elevated anger levels and to observe the correlation between age, temperament traits, and anger. METHODS: The study group comprised a sum of 100 cases, involving 50 individuals with acne vulgaris-required high-dose retinol therapy and 50 controls who did not start any medication. RESULTS: Our study showed that anger levels increased with drug use. A positive correlation between cyclothymic temperament, the anxiety-related behavior subdimension, and the introvert and passive-aggressive subdimension of interpersonal anger reactions has been recognized. In addition, a positive one was observed between hyperthymic temperament and the introvert subdimension, which is one of the anger-related thoughts and interpersonal anger reactions. CONCLUSION: This study elucidates anger dimensions such as anger-related thoughts, behaviors, and reactions in individuals who received retinol treatment for acne vulgaris. In addition to anger and its dimensions, temperament was also investigated. Although several studies have investigated the relationship between acne vulgaris and psychiatric symptoms, to the best of our knowledge, no research has been reported in the English-language literature regarding the relationship between anger dimensions and temperament after retinol treatment that might make our study an original and valuable contribution to the literature.

Psychometric Properties of the Revised Trolling Questionnaire in Argentinean Adults

Trolling with new technologies is a disruptive, deceptive, and destructive behavior, with great psychosocial, legal, and economical relevance. However, there are no studies in the scientific literature that have examined the properties of questionnaires to assess them. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to observe the psychometric properties of the Revised Trolling Questionnaire by Buckels et al.'s in a sample of Argentinean adults. An intentional sample of 837 participants from Argentina (mean age = 28.4 years; 61% female) was formed. They completed the Buckels et al.'s Revised Trolling Questionnaire, measures of dark personality, Internet addiction, cyberstalking, and socio-demographic questions. Exploratory and confirmatory factorial analyses indicated a one-factor structure with correct fit statistics. Internal consistency was adequate: Cronbach's α = .80 and Omega coefficient (ω) = .81. Concurrent validity of the trolling questionnaire was observed with dark personality (Machiavellianism, narcissism and psychopathy), problematic Internet use (symptomatology and disfunctionality), and cyberstalking. Machiavellianism and disfunctionality were the most significant variables associated with trolling. Therefore, the Argentinean Spanish version of this test showed evidence of adequate psychometric properties.

El trolling mediante las nuevas tecnologías es un comportamiento disruptivo, molesto y destructivo, con una gran relevancia psicosocial, legal y jurídica. No existen estudios en la literatura científica que hayan examinado las propiedades de un instrumento para evaluarlo. El propósito del presente estudio fue observar las propiedades del Cuestionario Revisado de Trolling de Buckels et al. en una muestra de adultos argentinos. Se constituyó una muestra intencional de 837 participantes argentinos (edad promedio=28,4 años; 61% mujeres). Completaron el Cuestionario Revisado de Trolling de Buckels et al., un cuestionario de personalidad oscura (maquiavelismo, psicopatía y narcicismo), de adicción a internet, de cyberstalking y preguntas sociodemográficas. Un análisis factorial exploratorio como confirmatorio indicó una correcta estructura unifactorial. La consistencia interna fue adecuada: α de Cronbach = .80 y Omega coefficient (ω) = .81. La validez concurrente del cuestionario se observó con el cyberstalking, la personalidad oscura (maquiavelismo, narcisismo y psicopatía) y el uso problemático de Internet. El maquiavelismo y la disfuncionalidad eran las variables más asociadas al trolling. De este modo, la versión al español argentino de dicho test mostró evidencia de adecuadas propiedades psicométricas.

Empatía, agresividad y perdón en contextos de vulnerabilidad, hostilidad y seguridad en niños y adolescentes

Introducción: El objetivo de este artículo fue identificar las variables que mejor predicen las medidas de agresión, empatía y perdón, como también las principales diferencias en contextos vulnerables, hostiles y seguros, en una muestra de niños, niñas y adolescentes pertenecientes a una población vulnerable. Método: se realizó un estudio cuantitativo transversal con una muestra no probabilística incidental de 85 participantes, se emplearon medidas psicométricas para la empatía, agresión y perdón. Los participantes fueron convocados en una fundación de atención a víctimas para realizar una entrevista y aplicar el test. Resultados: Se encontraron efectos estadísticamente significativos entre las variables del modelo verificado, donde la empatía predice la agresión en el contexto hostil, pero no en el vulnerable y seguro. A su vez, la empatía predice el perdón en los contextos vulnerables y seguros, y la agresión predice el perdón en el modelo hostil, pero no es significativo su efecto en el contexto vulnerable y seguro. Además, la empatía tiene un papel clave en la comprensión del perdón, dado que se asocia a conductas agresivas en los contextos de hostilidad, mientras que un modelo de perdón debería ser diferencial en estos contextos. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos de este estudio brindan evidencia empírica que sustenta la importancia de la implementación de estrategias para mejorar las habilidades relacionadas con la empatía en niños y adolescentes, desde la perspectiva de la educación para la paz y el perdón. Además, se demostró que los aspectos como el clima familiar, las vulnerabilidades de los contextos de riesgo y la misma cultura, pueden determinar el desarrollo de habilidades socioemocionales que favorecen el perdón, empatía y otras capacidades interpersonales.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to identify the variables that best predict measures of aggression, empathy, and forgiveness, as well as the main differences in vulnerable, hostile and safe contexts, in a sample of children and adolescents belonging to a vulnerable population. Method: A cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted with a non-probabilistic incidental sample of 85 participants. Psychometric measures of empathy, aggression, and forgiveness were used. The participants were invited to a victim assistance foundation for an interview and test application. Results: Statistically significant effects were found among the variables in the verified model, where empathy predicts aggression in the hostile context, but not in the vulnerable and safe context. In turn, empathy predicts forgiveness in the vulnerable and safe contexts, and aggression predicts forgiveness in the hostile model, but its effect in the vulnerable and safe context is not significant. Furthermore, empathy plays a key role in understanding forgiveness, given that it is associated with aggressive behaviors in the hostile contexts, whereas a forgiveness model should be differential in these contexts. Conclusions: The findings of this study provide empirical evidence that supports the importance of implementing strategies to improve empathy-related skills in children and adolescents, from the perspective of peace education and forgiveness. In addition, it was shown that aspects such as family climate, vulnerabilities of risk contexts and culture itself, can determine the development of socioemotional skills that favor forgiveness, empathy, and other interpersonal skills.

Retirada de projetil de arma de fogo alojado em assoalho infraorbitário com preservação do globo ocular: relato de caso / Removal of a firearm projectile lodged in the infraorbital floor with preservation of the eyeball: case report

Objetivo: relatar um caso de ferimento por arma de fogo (FAF), com projétil balístico alojado em região infraorbitária à esquerda, relatando tratamento cirúrgico de urgência para exérese do projetil por acesso subciliar. Relato do caso: Paciente do gênero masculino, 18 anos, foi encaminhado ao pronto socorro do Hospital Universitário por conta de ferimento por arma de fogo. Ao exame clínico, foi verificado discreto aumento de volume em região cervical e hemiface à esquerda, ausência de sangramento em face; presença de limitação para infraversão de olho esquerdo. O orifício de entrada do projetil foi identificado em região de tórax superior posterior à esquerda; após realização de tomografia de face, confirmou-se fratura de assoalho orbitário esquerdo, assim como projétil alojado abaixo do globo ocular. O ato cirúrgico foi realizado com caráter de urgência pela equipe de Cirurgia e Traumatologia Bucomaxilofacial. Discussão: estudos descrevem a importância da realização do adequado manejo de lesões traumáticas decorrentes de FAF seguido de remoção do projetil com urgência, visto que as complicações ao postergar o tempo cirúrgico só agravam o quadro clínico do paciente, além das afecções futuras que podem surgir com o decorrer da resolução do caso clínico. Conclusão: ratifica-se a importância da multidisciplinariedade entres as clínicas médicas, assim como, o correto manejo do paciente traumatizado, baseado nos critérios que conduzem o plano de tratamento.(AU)

Aim: to report a case of gunshot wound, with ballistic projectile lodged in the left infraorbital region, reporting emergency surgical treatment for projectile exeresis by subciliary access. Case Report: An 18-year-old male patient was referred to the emergency department of the University Hospital due to a gunshot wound. On clinical examination, it was found slight increase in volume in the cervical region and left hemiface, absence of bleeding in the face; presence of limitation to infraversion of the left eye. The entrance hole of the projectile was identified in the posterior left upper thorax region; after a tomography of the face, a fracture of the left orbital floor was confirmed, as well as the projectile lodged below the eyeball. The surgery was urgently performed by the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery team. Discussion: Studies describe the importance of performing the proper management of traumatic injuries resulting from FAF followed by removal of the projectile with urgency, since the complications to postpone the surgical time only aggravate the clinical picture of the patient, in addition to future problems that may arise with the resolution of the clinical case. Conclusion: the importance of multidisciplinarity among medical clinics is ratified, as well as the correct management of the traumatized patient, based on the criteria that lead to the treatment plan.(AU)

Relación entre diferenciación del self y agresión entre pares en estudiantes universitarios argentinos / Relationship between Differentiation of Self and Peer Aggression among Argentine University Students

Resumen La agresión entre pares, sea un caso aislado o recurrente, se ha convertido en un problema cada vez más frecuente que socava el desarrollo psicoafectivo saludable en adolescentes y universitarios. Como en el caso de otras conductas de riesgo, la investigación sugiere que los aspectos emocionales son relevantes para su prevención. El objetivo de este trabajo fue explorar la posible relación entre la agresión entre pares, la agresión frecuente como potencial conducta de bullying, y la diferenciación del self, un constructo procedente de la perspectiva sistémica, vinculado con la autorregulación emocional y la madurez afectiva. Universitarios de entre 17 y 20 años (. = 365), completaron sendos cuestionarios autoadministrados sobre estilos de vida (Carlos et al., 2016) y diferenciación del self (Duch-Ceballos et al., 2022). En esta muestra, los análisis realizados indican que menores niveles de diferenciación del self en los varones se asocian con mayor probabilidad de agresión entre pares, tanto sufrida como ejercida. Además, uno de los componentes de la diferenciación del self, la reactividad emocional, predijo también las probabilidades de agresión (sufrida y ejercida) entre las mujeres. La diferenciación del self está recibiendo una creciente atención como variable relevante para explicar la conducta de los adolescentes y jóvenes emergentes, especialmente en lo que refiere a conductas de riesgo. Este sería el primer estudio sobre la relación entre diferenciación del self, agresión entre pares y agresión frecuente como potencial conducta de buylling. Finalmente, a partir de los resultados encontrados, se plantean futuras líneas de investigación y aplicaciones prácticas.

Abstract The socio-emotional well-being of children and adolescents is a subject of interest, both for academics and researchers, as well as for parents, teachers, and educators. Initiatives on this subject promoted from the scientific and social fields are constantly increasing, and tend to have multiple objectives, among which one is to understand the dynamics of violence and aggression (which can lead to harassment situations), in order to design more effective prevention and intervention programs. Research suggests that emotional aspects are relevant to the prevention of aggression. Within this realm, we have focused on Differentiation of self (DoS). The Differentiation of Self is the central construct of Bowen's (1978) systemic family theory, considered from the systemic perspective as one of the most comprehensive theories of human behavior. With multiple applications in various fields, DoS is a multidimensional construct, defined as the ability to balance emotional and intellectual functioning -intrapsychic dimension-, and intimacy and autonomy in personal relationships -interpersonal dimension-. Based on previous studies in which associations between bullying and socio-emotional competencies were found, the objective of this study was to find relationships between differentiation of self and peer aggression. The sample of this study was comprised of university students between 17 and 20 years old (. = 365; . = 18.3, SD = .7), who were studying the first or second year of different careers at a private university in Argentina. Participants completed self-administered questionnaires on lifestyles (Carlos et al., 2016) and the Spanish version of the Differentiation of Self Inventory-Revised (S-DSI; Rodríguez-González et al., 2015). Considering that peer aggression does not represent bullying in all cases, the association between self-differentiation and peer aggression was first analyzed and, second, this same association was analyzed, but considering frequent aggression. Peer aggression was perpetrated by 54 % of women and 63 % of men (. = .043) and suffered by 72 % of women and 61 % of men (. = .124). Frequent peer aggression was perpetrated by 15 % of women and 21 % of men (. = .001) and suffered by 41 % of women and 24 % of men (. = .146). Both measures of DoS (Emotional reactivity and Emotional cutoff) were associated with a lower prevalence of both aggression and frequent aggression. This work offers two main findings. First, given the high incidence of peer aggression, the results of this study confirm the relevance of the research on peer aggression and, specifically, on frequent aggression associated with bullying. Second, present data suggests the existence of a relationship between differentiation of self and aggression. Since the idea and perceptions about aggression could be changing, new research is suggested, based around the cultural context and social changes that identify how the concept of bullying evolves should be promoted. Moreover, it would be positive to develop new research that can delve into the role played by the differentiation of self, since it is a factor that impacts the development and health of adolescents. The significant relationship between peer aggression and DoS found in this study contributes to the empirical corpus that affirms the relevance of the emotional factor in aggressive and bullying behaviors. In this sense, this study joins others that support the idea of intervening in aggression and buylling through the development of school intervention programs aimed at developing emotional competencies, involving students and also parents and educators.

Comparación de la violencia y agresiones sufridas por el personal de salud durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en Argentina y el resto de Latinoamérica / Comparison of violence and aggressions suffered by health personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina and the rest of Latin America

RESUMEN Objetivos. Explorar la frecuencia e impacto de la violencia contra los trabajadores de salud de Argentina y compararlo con el resto de sus pares de Latinoamérica en el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19. Materiales y métodos. Estudio de corte transversal a través de una encuesta electrónica al personal médico y no médico de Latinoamérica que desempeño tareas asistenciales desde marzo de 2020. Se utilizó una regresión de Poisson para estimar las Razones de Prevalencia crudas (RP) y ajustadas (RPa) con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza al 95%. Resultados. Un total de 3544 participantes de 19 países respondieron la encuesta; 1992 (56,0%) residían en Argentina. Entre los mismos, el 62,9% padeció al menos un hecho de violencia: 97,7% refirió violencia verbal y 11,8% violencia física. El 41,5% de los agredidos padecieron situaciones de violencia al menos una vez por semana. El personal de salud de Argentina vivenció más frecuentemente violencia que los de otros países (62,9% vs. 54,6%, p<0,001), siendo estos eventos más habituales y estresantes (p<0,05). Además, refirieron más frecuentemente haber considerado cambiar sus tareas asistenciales y/o deseos de abandonar su profesión (p<0,001). En la regresión de Poisson, los participantes de Argentina tuvieron una prevalencia de violencia mayor que los trabajadores de salud de la región (14,6%; p<0,001). Conclusiones. Existió una elevada prevalencia de violencia contra el personal de salud de Argentina durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Estos hechos tuvieron un alto impacto negativo entre quienes los padecieron. Nuestros datos sugieren que, esto podría haber sido más frecuente en Argentina respecto de otras regiones del continente.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To explore the frequency and impact of violence against healthcare workers in Argentina and to compare it with the rest of their Latin American peers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted by applying an electronic survey on Latin American medical and non-medical personnel who carried out health care tasks since March 2020. We used Poisson regression to estimate crude (PR) and adjusted (aPR) Prevalence Ratios with their respective 95% confidence intervals. Results. A total of 3544 participants from 19 countries answered the survey; 1992 (56.0%) resided in Argentina. Of these, 62.9% experienced at least one act of violence; 97.7% reported verbal violence and 11.8% physical violence. Of those who were assaulted, 41.5% experienced violence at least once a week. Health personnel from Argentina experienced violence more frequently than those from other countries (62.9% vs. 54.6%, p<0.001), and these events were more frequent and stressful (p<0.05). In addition, Argentinean health personnel reported having considered changing their healthcare tasks and/or desired to leave their profession more frequently (p<0.001). In the Poisson regression, we found that participants from Argentina had a higher prevalence of violence than health workers from the region (14.6%; p<0.001). Conclusions. There was a high prevalence of violence against health personnel in Argentina during the COVID-19 pandemic. These events had a strong negative impact on those who suffered them. Our data suggest that violence against health personnel may have been more frequent in Argentina than in other regions of the continent.

Main results and public health implications of the National School Health Survey (ENSE), Colombia 2017

Introduction: The school population represents a fundamental group for health promotion actions, given that the foundations of healthy behaviors in adult life are established in children and adolescents, who can be greatly influenced by the school. Objective: To describe the health-related behavioral factors of schoolchildren between 13 and 17 years of age in secondary and middle school in Colombia. Methods: A national cross-sectional study was conducted (i.e., School Health Survey -ENSE-) that recorded information on dietary practices, physical activity, alcohol and drug consumption, injuries and bullying, and oral, visual and hearing health. Sampling was probabilistic, cluster and multistage. Results: Schoolchildren have low consumption of fruits, vegetables (13.1%) and dairy (76.5 %), high consumption of ultra-processed foods (82.4 %), sugary drinks (74.0 %) and fast foods (14.8 %), frequent addition of salt at the table (43.3 %), low compliance with physical activity recommendations (15.0 %) and high sedentary lifestyle (46.3 %), frequent consumption of alcohol (44.7 %) and psychoactive substances (14.7 %), in addition to prevalent situations of bullying (15.4 %), rejection (8.2 %) and verbal aggression (42.7 %). Conclusions: The ENSE shows critical inequalities by gender, ethnicity and social class, throughout the country. The indicators observed in schoolchildren are precursors of various chronic and degenerative diseases and mental illness, which requires the urgent attention of the different social actors in the country.

Introducción: La población escolar es un grupo fundamental para las intervenciones de promoción de la salud, ya que en los niños y adolescentes se sientan las bases de un comportamiento saludable en la vida adulta, que puede ser muy influenciado por la escuela. Objetivo: Describir los factores comportamentales relacionados con la salud de los escolares de 13 a 17 años de edad que cursan educación básica secundaria y media en Colombia. Métodos: Se realizó una encuesta nacional transversal (Encuesta de Salud en Escolares -ENSE-) con los lineamientos de Global School-based Student Health Survey para recolectar información sobre prácticas alimentarias, actividad física, consumo de alcohol y drogas, lesiones e intimidación, y salud bucal, visual y auditiva. El muestreo fue probabilístico, por conglomerados y polietápico. Resultados: Se incluyeron 79.640 escolares de 298 municipios. Los escolares presentaron bajo consumo de frutas, verduras (13.1%) y productos lácteos (76.5 %), alto consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados (82.4 %), bebidas azucaradas (74.0 %) y comidas rápidas (14.8 %); alto uso de sal añadida en la mesa (43.3 %), actividad física inferior a la recomendada (15.0 %) y sedentarismo (46.3 %). Fue frecuente el consumo de alcohol (44.7 %) y sustancias psicoactivas (14.7 %) y reportaron situaciones de intimidación (15.4 %), rechazo (8.2 %) y agresiones verbales (42.7 %). Conclusiones: La ENSE muestra desigualdades por género, etnia y clase social en todo el país. Los hallazgos observados en los escolares son factores de riesgo de enfermedades crónico-degenerativas y mentales, y requieren la atención urgente de los actores sociales del país.

The Role of Third Parties in Cyber Conflicts: The SIMA Simulator / El Papel de los Terceros en los Conflictos Cibernéticos: el Simulador SIMA

Abstract New media creates opportunities to directly measure how adolescents respond to aggressive situations. In this study, we report on SIMA, a simulator of digital chats, created to mimic online aggressive interactions within a conflict situation. Adolescents were invited to be part of a digital chat where all interactions were pre-programmed, except for the participants' interventions, to discuss controversial topics (e.g., animal maltreatment). Two chat members engaged in a conflict programmed to escalate quickly through aggressive insults. Sixth and seventh-grade students (mostly aged 12 to 14; n = 287) from one public school (low SES) and one private school (high SES) participated in the study. Responses to open questions after finishing the chat suggest that the great majority considered that they were taking part in a real online interaction. Aggressive offenses towards other members of the chat were very common. SIMA opens many options for further research about bystander behavior in aggressive online interactions.

Resumen Los nuevos medios de comunicación han creado oportunidades para medir directamente cómo los adolescentes responden a situaciones de agresión. Presentamos a SIMA, un simulador de chats digitales creado para imitar interacciones agresivas en línea en una situación de conflicto. Los adolescentes son invitados a ser parte de un chat digital para discutir temas controversiales (p. ej., maltrato animal). En realidad, las interacciones están todas preprogramadas a excepción de las intervenciones de quienes participan. Dos supuestos miembros del chat tienen un conflicto programado para escalar de forma rápida con insultos agresivos. Participaron estudiantes de sexto y séptimo grado (principalmente de 12 a 14 años; n = 287) de un colegio público (NSE bajo) y uno privado (NSE alto). Las respuestas a preguntas abiertas sugieren que la gran mayoría consideró que estaban participando en una interacción en línea real. Las ofensas agresivas hacia otros miembros del chat fueron muy comunes. SIMA abre muchas opciones para futuras investigaciones sobre el comportamiento de espectadores en interacciones agresivas en línea.

Autismo y catatonía - Aspectos clínicos / Autism and catatonia - Clinical aspects

Resumen El autismo es un desorden del neurodesarrollo caracterizado por una alteración cualitativa en la interacción social y la comunicación, asociada a intereses restringidos y conductas estereotipadas. Puede asociarse a problemas médicos como epilepsia, disfunciones gastrointestinales, trastornos de sueño, otros trastornos del neurodesarrollo como deterioro del lenguaje, discapacidad intelectual, disfunciones sensoriales, TDA/H, torpeza motriz y/o trastornos neuropsiquiátricos como ansiedad, depresión, catatonia, esquizofrenia, trastornos obsesivo-compulsivo, trastornos de conducta e impulsividad, entre otros. La catatonía es reconocida como un síndrome neuropsiquiátrico identificado en todos los trastornos psicóticos y del estado de ánimo mayor, debido a condiciones médicas generales o como un síndrome no especificado de otra manera; esto permite codificar la catatonia en el contexto de otros trastornos psiquiátricos o del neurodesarrollo, como el trastorno obsesivo compulsivo o el autismo. Se caracteriza por síntomas motores, vocales y conductuales anormales, con alteración de la volición y la función vegetativa. Se estima que aproximadamente entre el 8 y 11 % de las personas autistas padecen catatonia. Es probable que haya un subregistro de catatonía, en especial en personas con autismo, debido a la falta de alerta sobre la misma, la heterogenicidad clínica y la similitud de muchos de sus síntomas con manifestaciones del autismo. Incluso muchas veces puede expresarse como una regresión autista tardía desde la pubertad a la vida adulta. Sus bases neurobiológicas aún no son claras y el tratamiento se basa en la administración de bensodiazepinas y la terapia electroconvulsiva, aunque es mucho el camino que aún queda por investigar en estos temas.

Abstract Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a qualitative alteration in social interac tion and communication, associated with restricted interests and stereotyped behaviors. It can be associated with medical problems such as epilepsy, gastrointestinal dysfunction, sleep disorders, other neurodevelopmental disorders such as language impairment, intellectual disability, sensory dysfunction, ADH/D, motor clumsiness, and/or neuropsychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression, catatonia, schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorders, behavioral and impulsive disorders, among others. Catatonia is recognized as a neuropsychiatric syn drome identified in all major mood and psychotic disorders, due to general medical conditions or as a syndrome not otherwise specified; this allows catatonia to be coded in the context of other psychiatric or neurodevelopmental disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder or autism. It is characterized by abnormal motor, vocal, and behavioral symptoms, with impaired volition and vegetative function. It is estimated that approximately 8-11% of autistic people suffer from catatonia. It is probable that there is an underreporting of catatonia, especially in people with autism, due to the lack of alertness about it, the clinical heterogeneity and the similarity of many of its symptoms with manifestations of autism. Many times it can even express itself as a late autistic regression from puberty to adult life. Its neurobiological bases are still not clear and the treatment is based on the administration of bensodiazepines and electroconvulsive therapy although there is still a long way to go to investigate these issues.

Reflexões sobre agressão e violência: da biologia à cultura / Reflections on aggression and violence: from biology to culture / Reflexiones sobre agresión y violencia: de la biología a la cultura

É objetivo deste trabalho examinar a agressão e violência a partir de diferentes abordagens. Dentre as mais relevantes, destaca-se a contribuição de alguns etologistas que afirmam ser a agressão inata e relacionada à sobrevivência da espécie, sendo biologicamente determinada, bem como de alguns antropólogos que referem a cultura como determinante do comportamento agressivo. A relação entre violência e sociedade é discutida sob vários aspectos em sociedades primitivas, o banditismo social e a sociedade contemporânea. O conceito de arquétipo é apontado como possibilidade de trânsito entre essas diferentes visões, e as afirmações de Jung sobre a consciência como possibilidade de lidar com impulsos agressivos de maneira apropriada. Discute-se a influência da violência nos meios de comunicação e identificam-se formas criativas de lidar com a agressão.

The present paper aims to discuss aggression and violence from different perspectives. The contributions of some ethologists who state that aggression is innate and related to species survival, being biologically determined are emphasized, as well as the contributions of some anthropologists that refer the culture as determinants of aggressive behaviors. The relationship between violence and society is discussed in different aspects, focusing primitive societies, social banditism and contemporary society. The concept of archetype is pointed out as a possible bridge between these different visions, and Jung's view about conscience is analyzed as a way to deal with aggressive drives properly. The influence of violence in the media is discussed and creative ways of dealing with aggression are pointed out.

El objetivo de este trabajo es examinar la agresión y la violencia desde diferentes enfoques. Entre los más relevantes, se destaca la contribución de algunos etologistas que afirman ser la agresión innata y relacionada a la supervivencia de la especie, siendo biológicamente determinada, así como de algunos antropólogos que refieren la cultura como determinante del comportamiento agresivo. La relación entre violencia y sociedad se discute bajo varios aspectos en sociedades primitivas, el bandidaje social y la sociedad contemporánea. El concepto de arquetipo se señala como posibilidad de tránsito entre estas diferentes visiones, y las afirmaciones de Jung sobre la conciencia como posibilidad de lidiar con impulsos agresivos de manera apropiada. Se discute la influencia de la violencia en los medios de comunicación y se identifican formas creativas de lidiar con la agresión.

Effect of spiritual practices on higher brain functions, psychological health, and stress response

Background: Spiritual beliefs include the relationship to a superior being and recognition of a sense that there is something greater than myself. Psychological health is not just absence of mental disorder but a state of well-being in which an individual realizes his/her own abilities, can cope up with normal stresses of life, can work productively, and is able to make a contribution to his/her community. Aims and Objectives: The present study was designed to analyze the impact of spiritual practices on memory, cognitive functions, psychological health, adjustment level, and stress response. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted in two phases on 150 subjects. In the first phase of study, subjects were divided into low, average and high spirituality groups on the basis of spirituality scores. Each group was required to perform memory test, stroop test along-with assessment of psychological health, and adjustment level. Their basal level of stress parameters was recorded. A stressor was introduced and stress parameters were again assessed. Subjects were asked to perform spiritual practices for 1 month duration and the parameters were again assessed. ANOVA and post hoc tests were used for inter group comparison. Student’s t-test was used to analyze data between baseline values and post spirituality values for various parameters. Results: On comparison of parameters in low, average and high spirituality groups, significant and non-significant results were obtained at baseline level and after 1 month practice of spirituality. Conclusion: Spiritual practices have positive effect on parameters studied.

Aggressive behavior and prognosis in patients with mild cognitive impairment / Comportamento agressivo e prognóstico em pacientes com comprometimento cognitivo

ABSTRACT The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is associated with an increased risk of developing dementia. When evaluating the further prognosis of MCI, the occurrence of neuropsychiatric symptoms, particularly aggressive and impulsive behavior, may play an important role. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between aggressive behavior and cognitive dysfunction in patients diagnosed with MCI. Methods: The results are based on a 7-year prospective study. At the time of inclusion in the study, participants, recruited from an outpatient clinic, were assessed with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI). A reassessment was performed after 1 year using the MMSE scale in all patients. The time of next MMSE administration was depended on the clinical condition of patients took place at the end of follow-up, that is, at the time of diagnosis of the dementia or after 7 years from inclusion when the criteria for dementia were not met. Results: Of the 193 patients enrolled in the study, 75 were included in the final analysis. Patients who converted to dementia during the observation period exhibited a greater severity of symptoms in each of the assessed CMAI categories. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between the global result of CMAI and the results of the physical nonaggressive and verbal aggressive subscales with cognitive decline during the first year of observation. Conclusions: Despite several limitations to the study, aggressive and impulsive behaviors seem to be an unfavorable prognostic factor in the course of MCI.

RESUMO O diagnóstico de comprometimento cognitivo leve (CCL) está associado a um risco aumentado de desenvolver demência. Ao avaliar o prognóstico adicional do CCL, a ocorrência de sintomas neuropsiquiátricos, particularmente o comportamento agressivo e impulsivo, pode desempenhar um papel importante. Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre comportamento agressivo e disfunção cognitiva em indivíduos com diagnóstico de CCL. Métodos: Nossos resultados são baseados em um estudo prospectivo de sete anos. No momento da inclusão no estudo, os participantes, recrutados em um ambulatório, foram avaliados com o Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM) e o Inventário de Agitação de Cohen-Mansfield (CMAI). A reavaliação foi realizada após um ano com a escala MEEM em todos os pacientes. O momento da próxima administração do MEEM dependeu da condição clínica dos indivíduos e ocorreu no final do acompanhamento, ou seja, no momento do diagnóstico da demência ou após sete anos da inclusão, quando os critérios para demência não foram atendidos. Resultados: Dos 193 pacientes incluídos no estudo, 75 foram incluídos na análise final. Os indivíduos que converteram para demência durante o período de observação exibiram uma maior gravidade dos sintomas em cada uma das categorias avaliadas pelo CMAI. Além disso, houve uma correlação significativa entre o resultado global do CMAI e os resultados das subescalas de agressão física e verbal com declínio cognitivo durante o primeiro ano de observação. Conclusões: Apesar das várias limitações do estudo, os comportamentos agressivos e impulsivos parecem ser um fator prognóstico desfavorável no curso do CCL.

Exposure to intimate partner violence and lack of asthma control in adults: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Asthma is a chronic airway disease that affects 339 million people worldwide. It is a heterogeneous disease with different risks, including in family environments, where intimate partner violence occurs. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the possible association between psychosocial factors and asthma control in adults exposed to intimate partner violence. DESIGN AND SETTING: This cross-sectional study was conducted at a Brazilian public higher education institution in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. METHODS: The study population consisted of adults clinically diagnosed with severe asthma and those with mild/moderate asthma identified at an asthma referral outpatient clinic. The sample comprised 492 participants who underwent clinical evaluation and completed questionnaires to assess asthma control, depression, stress, and resilience. The Conflict Tactics Scale, which measures tactics for managing marital conflicts, was used to estimate the level of intimate partner violence. RESULTS: Of the 492 participants, 76.2% were women and 91% self-referenced color black/brown, 37.8% reported low family income, 87.4% reported low education level, 71.7% reported high stress, 32.5% reported low resilience, 18.5% reported moderate or severe depression, 83.3% reported resolute negotiation, 49.4% reported major psychological aggression, 19.6% reported major physical aggression, 15.5% reported major injury, and 7.3% reported major sexual coercion. Regression analysis revealed that sex was an effect modifier. CONCLUSION: Women in situations of social vulnerability, with low income and poor education, with depression, severe asthma, and those who used aggression to resolve marital conflicts had a profile associated with a lack of asthma control.

Óbitos masculinos por agressão no Brasil de 2011 a 2020 / Male deaths due to aggression in Brazil from 2011 to 2020 / Muertes masculinas por agresión en Brasil de 2011 a 2020

Objetivo: Descrever o perfil dos óbitos masculinos por homicídio/agressão no Brasil entre os anos de 2011 a 2020. Método:Estudo ecológico descritivo, utilizando dados secundários do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade, disponibilizados pelo Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde. A população do estudo foi constituída por óbitos em homens com idade ≥ 15 anos causados por agressão. As variáveis (unidade da federação, macrorregião, faixa etária, raça/cor, estado civil, escolaridade e local de ocorrência) foram analisadas pela estatística descrita. Resultados:Entre 2011 e 2020 foram registrados no Brasil 474.635 óbitos masculinos por agressão. A região Nordeste teve a maior frequência de óbitos (41,9%), com a Bahia sendo a mais afetada (26,3%). A principal categoria de agressão foi "disparo por arma de fogo" (81,4%). Jovens entre 20 e 29 anos representaram a faixa etária mais atingida (39,1%), assim como solteiros (73,2%), de cor/raça parda (65,2%) e com quatro a sete anos de estudo (35,6%). Conclusão:A mortalidade masculina se apresenta como grave problema de saúde, principalmente entre os mais jovens, solteiros, pardos, com baixa escolaridade, que são vitimados em sua maioria por armas de fogo. Estas mortes ocorrem mais na região onde as condições socioeconômicas e escolaridade são mais precárias.

Objective:To describe the profile of male deaths due to homicide/assault in Brazil between 2011 and 2020. Method:Descriptive ecological study, using secondary data from the Mortality Information System, made available by the Information Technology Department of the Unified Health System. The study population consisted of deaths in men aged ≥ 15 years caused by aggression. The variables (federation unit, macro-region, age group, race/color, marital status, education and place of occurrence) were analyzed using the statistics described. Results:Between 2011 and 2020, 474,635 male deaths due to aggression were recorded in Brazil. The Northeast region had the highest frequency of deaths (41.9%), with Bahia being the most affected (26.3%). The main category of aggression was "firearm shooting" (81.4%). Young people between 20 and 29 years old represented the most affected age group (39.1%), as well as single people (73.2%), of brown color/race (65.2%) and with four to seven years of study (35 .6%). Conclusion:Male mortality presents itself as a serious health problem, especially among younger, single, mixed race, with low education, who are mostly victims of firearms. These deaths occur more in the region where socioeconomic conditions and education are more precarious.

Objetivo: Describir el perfil de las muertes masculinas por homicidio/agresión en Brasil entre 2011 y 2020. Método: Estudio ecológico descriptivo, utilizando datos secundarios del Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad, puestos a disposición por el Departamento de Tecnología de la Información del Sistema Único de Salud. La población de estudio estuvo compuesta por muertes en hombres de ≥ 15 años causadas por agresión. Las variables (unidad federativa, macrorregión, grupo etario, raza/color, estado civil, educación y lugar de ocurrencia) fueron analizadas mediante las estadísticas descritas. Resultados:Entre 2011 y 2020, se registraron en Brasil 474.635 muertes masculinas por agresión. La región Nordeste tuvo la mayor frecuencia de muertes (41,9%), siendo Bahía la más afectada (26,3%). La principal categoría de agresión fue el "disparo con arma de fuego" (81,4%). Los jóvenes de 20 a 29 años representaron el grupo etario más afectado (39,1%), así como las personas solteras (73,2%), de color/raza parda (65,2%) y con cuatro a siete años de estudio (35,6%). %). Conclusión: La mortalidad masculina se presenta como un grave problema de salud, especialmente entre los más jóvenes, solteros, mestizos, con bajo nivel educativo, quienes en su mayoría son víctimas de armas de fuego. Estas muertes ocurren más en la región donde las condiciones socioeconómicas y educativas son más precárias.

Sentimentos vivenciados pela pessoa idosa em situação de violência / Feelings experienced by the elderly in situation of violence / Feelings experienced by the elderly in situation of violence

Objetivos: compreender os sentimentos vivenciados por pessoas idosas em situação de violência. Método: estudo exploratório de abordagem qualitativa, realizado a partir de entrevistas com 15 pessoas idosas que realizaram a denúncia de violência na Delegacia da Mulher, de uma cidade do interior paulista, entre janeiro e dezembro de 2018. Os dados foram analisados e interpretados por meio da técnica da análise de conteúdo. Resultados: o estudo revelou que a violência contra as pessoas idosas, perpetrada por familiares ou cuidadores, é uma realidade. Contudo, as pessoas idosas enfrentam dificuldades em admitir o ocorrido devido aos laços afetivos ou sanguíneos. Os sentimentos vivenciados por elas após a violência, incluem tristeza, decepção, raiva, injustiça, angústia e revolta. Considerações finais: percebeu-se a ocorrência da violência praticada pelo familiar ou cuidador. No entanto, houve dificuldade, por parte da vítima, em admitir o ocorrido. Há necessidade de abordagens sensíveis e eficazes, incluindo conscientização, capacitação de profissionais e implementação de políticas protetivas.

Objetivos: comprender los sentimientos vividos por personas ancianas en situación de violencia. Método: estudio exploratorio de abordaje cualitativo, realizado a partir de entrevistas con 15 personas mayores que realizaron la denuncia de violencia en la Comisaría de la Mujer, de una ciudad del interior paulista, entre enero y diciembre de 2018. Los datos fueron analizados e interpretados por medio de la técnica del análisis de contenido. Resultados: el estudio reveló que la violencia contra las personas mayores perpetrada por familiares o cuidadores es una realidad. Sin embargo, las personas mayores enfrentan dificultades para admitir lo ocurrido debido a los lazos afectivos o sanguíneos. Los sentimientos que experimentan después de la violencia incluyen tristeza, decepción, ira, injusticia, angustia y rebeldía. Consideraciones finales: se percibió la ocurrencia de la violencia practicada por el familiar o cuidador. Sin embargo, hubo dificultad, por parte de la víctima, en admitir lo ocurrido. Existe la necesidad de enfoques sensibles y eficaces, incluyendo concienciación, capacitación de profesionales e implementación de políticas protectoras.

Objective: to understand the feelings experienced by elderly people in situations of violence. Method: an exploratory study with a qualitative approach, conducted from interviews with 15 elderly people who reported violence in the Women's Police Station, in a city in the interior of São Paulo, between January and December 2018. The data were analyzed and interpreted using the content analysis technique. Results: the study revealed that violence against the elderly perpetrated by family members or caregivers is a reality. However, the elderly face difficulties in admitting what happened due to affective or blood ties. The feelings experienced by them after the violence include sadness, disappointment, anger, injustice, anguish and revolt. Final considerations: the occurrence of violence practiced by the family member or caregiver was noticed. Nevertheless, there was difficulty on the part of the victim in admitting what had happened. There is a need for sensitive and effective approaches, including awareness raising, training of professionals and implementing protective policies.

Agressividade e psicopatia: um estudo comparativo entre detentos e adolescentes / Aggression and psychopathy: a comparative study between prisoners and adolescents / Agresividad y psicopatía: un estudio comparativo entre prisionesros y adolescentes

A agressividade e a psicopatia estão relacionadas com o funcionamento do córtex pré-frontal (CPF), cuja maturação leva aproximadamente 21 anos. Assim, objetivou-se identificar a existência de diferenças entre um grupo de adolescentes, com no máximo 20 anos de idade, e um grupo de detentos no tocante ao nível de agressividade e psicopatia. Para tanto, contou-se com a participação de 48 detentos do sexo masculino, com idade média de 34,6 (DP = 8,68) e 48 adolescentes do sexo masculino, com idade média de 17,75 (DP = 1,15). Os participantes responderam ao Questionário de Agressão de Buss-Perry, a Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy scale (LSRS) e a um questionário sociodemográfico. Os resultados dos testes Mann-Whitney e teste t de student indicaram a existência de diferenças significativas apenas para a psicopatia secundária, sendo mais característica em detentos. Os achados foram discutidos considerando a relação do desenvolvimento do CPF com fatores ambientais

Aggression and psychopathy are prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity-related and the maturation of this region takes approximately 21 years. Our aim was to assess differences in aggression and psychopathy levels between an adolescent group (máx age 20) and a prisoner group. It counted with a sample of 48 male prisoners mean aged 34,6 (SD = 3.66) and 48 male adolescents mean aged 17,75 (SD = 1.5). The participants answered the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire; the Levenson Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (LSRS) and a demographic questionnaire. The Mann-Whitney test and the Student's t-test results shown significant differences only for secondary psychopathy, which was higher in the prisoner group. Our findings were discussed considering the relationship between the PFC development and external factors

La agresividad y la psicopatía están relacionadas con el funcionamiento de la corteza prefrontal (CPF), cuya maduración tarda aproximadamente 21 años. Por lo tanto, el objetivo era identificar la existencia de diferencias entre un grupo de adolescentes, con un máximo de 20 años de edad, y un grupo de prisioneros, con respecto al nivel de agresión y psicopatía. Para ello, participaron del estudio 48 prisioneros de sexo masculino, con una edad promedio de 34,6 (DE = 8,68) y 48 adolescentes de sexo masculino, con una edad promedio de 17,75 (DE = 1,15). Los participantes respondieron al Cuestionario de Agresión de Buss-Perry, al Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy scale ­ LSRS y a un cuetionario sociodemográfico. Los resultados de los testes de Mann-Whitney y de t de Student indicaron diferencias significativas solo para la psicopatía secundaria, siendo más característicos en los prisioneros. Los hallazgos se discutieron como base en la relación del desarrollo de la CPF con factores ambientales

Attachment, Jealousy, and Conjugal Violence / Apego, Ciúme e Violência Conjugal

Abstract Psychological aggression is the most common manifestation of intimate partner violence. Literature demonstrates that attachment and jealousy can predict intimate partner violence. The aim of this study was to test a theoretical model in which jealousy is a mediator between attachment and psychological aggression. This is a quantitative study, with cross-sectional and explanatory design. A sample of 600 people, aged between 18 and 65 years old, residing in 13 Brazilian states, was investigated. A Sociodemographic data questionnaire, Psychological Aggression Sub-scales (CTS2), Questionnaire on the Affective Relationships (QAR), Interpersonal Jealousy Scale (IJC) and Adult Attachment Scale (AAS 2) were used. Structural equation modeling indicated that jealousy functioned as a mediator between attachment and psychological aggressions, alerting to the possibility of prevention in conjugality through early interventions.

Resumo A agressão psicológica é a manifestação mais comum da violência conjugal. A literatura demonstra que o apego e o ciúme podem predizer a violência conjugal. O objetivo deste estudo foi testar um modelo teórico em que o ciúme é um mediador entre o apego e a agressão psicológica. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, com delineamento transversal e explicativo. Foi investigada uma amostra de 600 pessoas, com idades entre 18 e 65 anos, residentes em 13 estados brasileiros. Foi utilizado um questionário de dados sociodemográficos, uma subescala de agressão psicológica (CTS2), questionário de relacionamentos afetivos (QAR), Escala interpessoal de ciúme (IJC) e Escala de apego adulto (AAS 2). Por meio de modelagem de equações estruturais, os resultados indicaram que o ciúme funcionou como mediador entre o apego e a agressão psicológica, alertando para a possibilidade de intervenções precoces na conjugalidade.

Electroconvulsive therapy for treating patients with agitation and related behavioral disorders due to dementia: a systematic review / Eletroconvulsoterapia no tratamento de pacientes com agitação e outros distúrbios de comportamento devido à demência: uma revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Behavioral disturbances are clinically relevant in patients with dementia, and pharmacological regimens to mitigate these symptoms have provided limited results. Proven to be effective in several psychiatric conditions, electroconvulsive therapy is a potentially beneficial strategy for treating severe agitation due to dementia. Objective: This review aimed to examine the publications on the efficacy, safety and tolerability of electroconvulsive therapy in treating patients with agitation due to dementia. Methods: We performed a systematic analysis on the electroconvulsive therapy to treat patients with dementia and coexisting severe agitation. Articles were classified according to the level of evidence based on methodological design. Patients received an acute course of electroconvulsive therapy, often followed by maintenance intervention. Results: We selected 19 studies (156 patients; 64.1% women; 51-98 years old), which met the inclusion criteria: one case-control study by chart analysis (level of evidence 2); one open-label study (level of evidence 3); three historical/retrospective chart analyses (level of evidence 4); and 14 case series/reports (level of evidence 5). No randomized, sham-controlled clinical trials (level of evidence 1) were identified, which represents the main methodological weakness. Some patients had postictal delirium, cardiovascular decompensation and cognitive changes, lasting for a short time. Conclusions: Overall, patients achieved significant improvement in agitation. However, the main finding of the present review was the absence of methodological design based on randomized and sham-controlled clinical trials. Despite methodological limitations and side effects requiring attention, electroconvulsive therapy was considered a safe and effective treatment of patients with severe agitation and related behavioral disorders due to dementia.

RESUMO Distúrbios comportamentais são clinicamente relevantes em pacientes com demência, e regimes farmacológicos para mitigar esses sintomas têm proporcionado resultados limitados. Comprovadamente eficaz em diversas condições psiquiátricas, a eletroconvulsoterapia é uma estratégia potencialmente benéfica para o tratamento de pacientes com agitação grave na demência. Objetivos: Esta revisão examina as publicações sobre eficácia, segurança e tolerabilidade da eletroconvulsoterapia no tratamento de pacientes com agitação na demência. Métodos: Realizamos uma análise sistemática da eletroconvulsoterapia no tratamento de pacientes com demência e agitação grave. Os artigos foram classificados quanto ao nível de evidência com base no delineamento metodológico. Os pacientes receberam um curso agudo de eletroconvulsoterapia, frequentemente seguido de manutenção. Resultados: Foram selecionados 19 estudos (156 pacientes; 64,1% mulheres; 51-98 anos): um estudo caso-controle desenvolvido com base na análise de prontuários (nível de evidência 2); um estudo aberto (nível de evidência 3); três estudos de análise retrospectiva de prontuários (nível de evidência 4); e 14 séries/relatos de casos (nível de evidência 5). Não foram identificados ensaios clínicos randomizados e controlados com placebo (nível de evidência 1), fator que representa a principal fragilidade metodológica. No entanto, o principal achado da presente revisão consistiu na ausência de desenho metodológico baseado em ensaios clínicos randomizados e controlados com placebo. Em geral, os efeitos colaterais foram transitórios e bem tolerados. Alguns pacientes apresentaram delirium pós-ictal, descompensação cardiovascular e alterações cognitivas por períodos breves. Conclusões: No geral, os pacientes obtiveram melhora significativa na agitação. No entanto, o principal achado da presente revisão foi a ausência de delineamento metodológico baseado em ensaios clínicos randomizados e controlados com placebo. Apesar das limitações metodológicas e dos efeitos adversos, a eletroconvulsoterapia foi considerada um tratamento seguro e eficaz em pacientes com agitação grave e com outros distúrbios comportamentais clinicamente relevantes na demência.

Analysis of primary care of victims of interpersonal and self inflicted violence during the COVID-19 pandemic / Análise do atendimento primário de pacientes vítimas de violência interpessoal e autodirigida durante a pandemia da COVID-19

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the epidemiological profile of aggression victims admitted at the emergency room on a trauma hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic, to compare these data in different restriction periods and with prepandemic data from the same service. Methods: cross-sectional study with probabilistic sampling using medical records of patients who were victims of aggression admitted at the hospital between June 2020 and May 2021. In addition to the epidemiological variables, other variables collected were the current restriction level, mechanism of aggression, resulting injuries and the Revised Trauma Score (RTS). The data was compared between the three restriction levels and the proportion of attendances during the study period was compared with the pre-pandemic study (December 2016 to February 2018). Results: the average age was 35.5 years, 86.1% of the patients were male and 61.6% of the attendances were due to blunt injury. The highest average of attendances per day occurred during the "yellow" restriction level (2.9), however there was no significant difference when comparing the restriction periods two by two. There was also no significant difference either in the analysis of the standardized residuals of the proportions of aggressions or the mechanism of aggression in the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. Conclusions: there was a predominance of attendances due to blunt trauma and in young male patients. There was no significant difference between the average daily attendance for aggression during the three restriction levels and between the proportion of attendances in the pre-pandemic and pandemic period.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes vítimas de agressão admitidos na sala de emergência de um hospital de trauma durante a pandemia da COVID-19, comparar tais dados entre os diferentes períodos de restrição e com os dados de um estudo pré-pandêmico do mesmo hospital. Métodos: estudo transversal com amostragem probabilística utilizando prontuários de pacientes vítimas de agressão admitidos no referido hospital entre junho de 2020 e maio de 2021. Além das variáveis epidemiológicas, coletou-se o nível de restrição vigente, o mecanismo de agressão, as lesões resultantes e o Revised Trauma Score (RTS). Os dados foram comparados entre os três níveis e a proporção de atendimentos no período do estudo foi comparada com a do estudo pré-pandêmico (dezembro de 2016 a fevereiro de 2018). Resultados: a média etária foi de 35,5 anos, 86,1% dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino. e 61,6% dos atendimentos corresponderam a agressão física por ferimento contuso. A maior média de atendimentos por dia ocorreu durante o nível amarelo (2,9), contudo não houve diferença significativa nos atendimentos quando comparados os períodos de restrição dois a dois. Também não houve diferença significativa tanto na análise dos resíduos padronizados das proporções de agressões quanto em cada mecanismo de agressão nos períodos pré-pandêmico e pandêmico. Conclusões: houve predominância de atendimentos por agressão por trauma contuso e em pacientes jovens do sexo masculino. Não houve diferença significativa entre a média diária de atendimentos por agressão durante os três níveis de restrição implementados e entre a proporção de atendimentos do período pré-pandemico e pandêmico.

Cross-lagged analysis of upward social comparison and online aggressive behavior among college students / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the longitudinal relationship between upward social comparison and online aggressive behavior among college students, in order to provide an empirical evidence for educators to carry out mental health promotion for college students.@*Methods@#From December 2021 to March 2022, 539 college students from one university in Inner Mongolia were recruited to complete the Upward Social Comparison Questionnaire (USCQ) and Online Aggressive Behavior Scale (OABS) in a 4 month follow-up study. The structural equation model was used to conduct cross-lagged analysis.@*Results@#The mean scores of upward social comparison for college students tracked at baseline (T1) and 4 months follow-up (T2) were (2.77±0.93, 2.70±1.00) points, and the mean scores of online aggressive behavior were (1.06±0.13, 1.05±0.11) points. There were positive relations between upward social comparison and online aggressive behavior of college students at both cross-sectional levels ( r=0.14-0.19, P <0.05). In the autoregression, T1 upward social comparison could positively predict T2 upward social comparison ( β =0.66), and T1 online aggressive behavior could positively predict T2 online aggressive behavior ( β =0.47)( P <0.01); In the cross-lagged regression, T1 upward social comparison could positively predict T2 online aggressive behavior ( β=0.10, P <0.01), whereas T1 online aggressive behavior could not predict T2 upward social comparison ( β=0.04, P >0.05).@*Conclusion@#Upward social comparison is the cause of online aggressive behavior among college students. The probability of online aggressive behavior among college students should be reduced by guiding students to correctly view the gap between themselves and others.